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Light Emitting Diode (LED)

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  Light Emitting Diode (LED) Introduction A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light energy. It is a special type of PN junction diode that emits light when it is operated in the forward-bias condition . LEDs are widely used in electronic and electrical systems because they are small in size, consume less electrical power, have a long operating life, and can produce light in different colours. Common applications of LEDs include: Indicator lamps Digital displays Traffic signals Remote-control systems Automotive lighting Decorative lighting Street lighting Electronic instruments Television and computer displays Optical communication systems The basic principle behind LED operation is electroluminescence .   What is an LED? A Light Emitting Diode is a PN junction semiconductor device that emits visible or invisible light when current flows through it in the forward direction. T...
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  Zener Diode: Working Principle, V-I Characteristics, Voltage Regulation & Applications   Introduction A Zener diode is a special type of semiconductor diode designed to operate reliably in the reverse-bias breakdown region . Unlike an ordinary PN-junction diode, which is normally operated in reverse bias only below its breakdown voltage, a Zener diode is specifically manufactured so that reverse breakdown can occur at a controlled voltage. The most important application of a Zener diode is voltage regulation . It can maintain an approximately constant voltage across a load even when the input voltage or load current changes within specified limits. Zener diodes are widely used in: Voltage regulation Voltage reference circuits Over-voltage protection Wave shaping Clipping and limiting circuits Meter protection Switching circuits Transient suppression Power-supply circuits A simple Zener regulator can be understood as: AC supply → Transform...
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